Трудноизвлекаемые запасы, нетрадиционные источники углеводородного сырья
| Статья № 33_2024 | дата поступления в редакцию 11.07.2024 подписано в печать 05.11.2024 |
| 29 с. | Иванов Д.А. |
| Геологические характеристики, свойства флюидов и технологические особенности добычи в самом крупном в мире Оринокском бассейне сверхвысоковязкой нефти | |
| Самый крупный в мире Оринокский нефтегазоносный бассейн имеет уникальные характеристики нефти. Проведенные ранее исследования ее биомаркеров продемонстрировали, что нефти подвержены разной степени биодеградации. Нефти относятся к одному источнику с одинаковой степенью зрелости. Приведены фактические данные, полученные в результате длительных геологоразведочных работ и сбора данных прошлых лет на территории Венесуэлы. Новые пробы нефти с разных глубин позволили точно определить, как изменяется состав нефти и ее свойства в зависимости от степени биодеградации и глубины залегания. Новая информация в совокупности с существующим теориями образования сверхвысоковязких нефтей позволила сформировать принципиально иные подходы при построении PVT-моделей. Особенность Оринокского нефтегазоносного бассейна заключается в наличии двух контактов высоковязкой нефти с водой в кровле и в подошве объекта разработки. Контакт с менее плотной пресной водой в кровельной части имеет доминирующее и определяющее значение в биодеградации нефти. На месторождениях несколько десятков лет используется холодный способ добычи длинными горизонтальными скважинами. Нефти на новых объектах - более вязкие за счет высокой степени биодеструкции, что не учитывалось при подготовке проектов разработки. Представленные данные и подходы в будущем позволят более точно прогнозировать свойства нефти и добычные возможности. Ключевые слова: сверхвысоковязкая нефть, биодеградация нефти, PVT-модель, Оринокский нефтегазоносный бассейн, Венесуэла. |
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| ссылка на статью обязательна | Иванов Д.А. Геологические характеристики, свойства флюидов и технологические особенности добычи в самом крупном в мире Оринокском бассейне сверхвысоковязкой нефти // Нефтегазовая геология. Теория и практика. - 2024. - Т.19. - №4. - https://www.ngtp.ru/rub/2024/33_2024.html EDN: DMAYUM |
Литература
Иванов Д.А., Гудошников А.С., Маркес Р. Особенности разработки блока месторождения сверхвязкой, сверхтяжелой нефти на естественном режиме вытеснения (нефтяной пояс Ориноко) // Нефтегазовая геология. Теория и практика. - 2024. - Т.19. - №3. - https://www.ngtp.ru/rub/2024/26_2024.html EDN: UHHDBZ
Каюкова Г.П., Петров С.М., Успенский Б.В. Свойства тяжелых нефтей и битумов пермских отложений Татарстана в природных и техногенных процессах. - М.: ГЕОС, 2014. - 300 с.
Тимонина Н.Н., Пьянков В.В. Ярегское месторождение тяжелой нефти: история разработки и перспективы развития // Вестник института геологии Коми научного центра Уральского отделения РАН. - 2018. - №7 (283). - C. 41-48. DOI: 10.19110/2221-1381-2018-7-41-48
Хисамов Р.С., Гуськова И.А., Габдрахманов А.Т., Саяхов В.А., Охотникова Е.С. Сравнительный анализ неоднородности состава и свойств сверхвязкой нефти Ашальчинского месторождения на основе экспериментальных исследований // Нефтяное хозяйство. - 2019. - №10. - C. 48-52. DOI: 10.24887/0028-2448-2019-10-48-52
Adams J., Jiang C., Bennett B., Huang H., Oldenburg T., Noke K., Snowdon L., Gates I., Larter S. Viscosity determination of heavy oil and bitumen: cautions and solutions // World heavy oil congress (Edmonton, 10-12 March, 2008). - 2008. - P. 1-12.
Arredondo M., Cermeño L., Quijada E. Geometric analysis of progressive cavity pump single lobe, for the production of extra-crude heavy oil at Huyaparí oil field at Orinoco oil Belt Venezuela // Artificial lift conference - Americas (Cartagena, Colombia, 21-22 May, 2013). DOI: 10.2118/165060-MS
Bennetta B., Jiang C., Larter S.R. Deterioration of oil quality during sample storage: Are stored reservoir core samples a viable resource for oil viscosity determination? // Fuel. - 2019. - Vol. 245. - 1 June 2019. - P. 115-121. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.02.002
Bost F.D., Frontera-Suau R., McDonald T.J., Peters K.E., Morris P.J. Aerobic biodegradation of hopanes and norhopanes in Venezuelan crude oils // Organic Geochemistry. - 2001. - Vol. 32. - P. 105-114. DOI: 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00147-9
Burgos E. C., Peñaranda J., Gonzalez K., Trejo E., Meneses M., Rosales A., Martinez J. Shallow horizontal drilling meets with very extended reach drilling in the Venezuelan Faja // Latin American and Caribbean petroleum engineering conference (Maracaibo, Venezuela, 21-23 May, 2014). DOI: 10.2118/169365-MS
Burkill G.C., Rondon L.A. Steam stimulation pilot project in the Orinoco Belt, Zuata area, Venezuela // Latin American Petroleum Engineering Conference (Rio de Janeiro, 14-19 October, 1990). DOI: 10.2118/21090-MS
Cocco M.J., Ernández J.E. Reservoir characterization of Junín area, Orinoco oil Belt region, Venezuela // Heavy and extra heavy oil conference - Latin America (Medellin, Colombia, 24-26 September, 2014). DOI: 10.2118/171136-MS
Cuadros G., Chamat E.H., Villarroel N., Scrofina J., Cermeño E., Rodriguez O. Improving horizontal well placement in the Orinoco oil Belt with the use of bed boundary mapping technologies // Canada heavy oil technical conference (Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 9-11 June, 2015). DOI: 10.2118/174476-MS
Escobar E., Coll R., Leon-Carrera M.F., Pérez S. Overcoming the challenge of forecasting EOR in giant extra-heavy oil fields // Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference (Abu Dhabi, UAE, 13-16 November, 2017). DOI: 10.2118/188657-MS
Gilberto C., Boza S., Romero T.H. Orinoco oil belt well construction using «wells - in - series» technology with horizontal and multilateral trajectory // International thermal operations and heavy oil symposium (Porlamar, Margarita Island, Venezuela, 12-14 March, 2001). DOI: 10.2118/69710-MS
Haeseler F., Levache D., Lamirand B. Reservoir filling paths revealed by kinetic modeling of biodegradation at basin scale // International petroleum technology conference (Doha, Qatar, 6-9 December, 2015). DOI: 10.2523/IPTC-18402-MS
Huang H.P., Bennett B., Oldenburg T., Adams J., Larter S.R. Geological controls on the origin of heavy oil and oil sands and their impacts on in situ recovery // Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology. - 2008. - Vol. 47. - Issue 04. DOI: 10.2118/08-04-37
Klavers K., Atkins L. Global heavy crude oil outlook to 2030 // Proceedings of 20th World Petroleum Congress (Doha, Qatar, 4-8 December, 2011). - 2011. - P. WPC-20-0666.
Kopper R., Kupecz J., Curtis C., Cole T., Dorn-Lopez D., Copley J., Munoz A., Calcedo V. Reservoir characterization of the Orinoco heavy oil Belt: Miocene Oficina Formation, Zuata field, Eastern Venezuela basin // International thermal operations and heavy oil symposium (Porlamar, Margarita Island, Venezuela, 12-14 March, 2001). DOI: 10.2118/69697-MS
Landaeta G.S., Valencia L.E. Extra-heavy oil viscosity estimation using PVT and geochemical analyses: applications at Huyapari field, Orinoco heavy oil belt, Venezuela // Latin America and Caribbean petroleum engineering conference (Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2017). DOI: 10.2118/185495-MS
Larter S., Adams J, Gates I.D., Bennett B., Huang H. The origin, prediction and impact of oil viscosity heterogeneity on the production characteristics of tar sand and heavy oil reservoirs. 7th Canadian international petroleum conference // Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology. - 2006. - Vol. 47. - Issue 01. DOI: 10.2118/08-01-52
Layrisse I. Heavy oil production in Venezuela: Historical recap and scenarios for next century // SPE International symposium (Houston, Texas, 16-19 February, 1999). DOI: 10.2118/53464-MS
Liu Y., Xie Y., Ma Z., Zhou Y., Wang D. Heavy oil accumulation characteristics of the Orinoco heavy oil belt // Oil and Gas Geology. - 2013. - 34(3). - P. 315-322. DOI: 10.11743/ogg20130306
López L. Study of the biodegradation levels of oils from the Orinoco oil Belt (Junin area) using different biodegradation scales // Organic Geochemistry. - 2014. - Vol. 66. - P. 60-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.10.014
Marcos J., Pardo E., Casas J., Delgado D., Rondon M., Exposito M., Zerpa L, Ichbia J., Bellorini J. Static and dynamic models of formation water in Sincor area, Orinoco belt, Venezuela // Latin American and Caribbean petroleum engineering conference (Buenos Aires, Argentina, 15-18 April, 2007). DOI: 10.2118/107378-MS
Masterson W.D., Dzou L.I., Holba A.G., Fincannon A.L., Ellis L. Evidence for biodegradation and evaporative fractionation in West Sak, Kuparuk and Prudhoe Bay field areas, North Slope, Alaska // Organic Geochemistry. - 2001. - Vol. 32. - P. 411-441. DOI: 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00187-X
Meyer R.F., Attanacsi E.D. Heavy oil and natural bitumen - strategic petroleum resources // USGS Fact Sheet FS-070-03. - 2003. DOI: 10.3133/fs07003
Mirabal M., Gordillo R., Fuenmayor M., Rojas G., Rodriguez H., Sanehez R. Integrated study for the characterization and development of the MFB-53 reservoir, North Hamaca - Orinoco belt, Venezuela // SPE Latin America - Caribbean petroleum engineering conference (Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, April, 1996). DOI: 10.2118/36095-MS
Mullins O.C., Johansen Y.B., Rinna J., Meyer J., Kenyon-Roberts S., Chen L., Forsythe J.C., Achourov V., Jackson R., Betancourt S.S., Zuo J.Y., Canas J.A. Diverse fluid gradients associated with biodegradation of crude oil // SPWLA 60th Annual Logging Symposium (June 15-19, 2019). - 2019. DOI: 10.30632/T60ALS-2019_XX
Peters K.E., Moldowan J.M., Walters C.C. The Biomarker Guide. 2nd edition. Cambridge university press. - 2005. - Vol. 2. - 1155 p. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511524868
Randy A. Downhole electrical heating techniques in the Orinoco oil belt, are they always reliable? Appraisal analysis to Petrocedeño’s pilot project // Nigeria annual international conference and exhibition (Lagos, Nigeria, 4-6 August, 2015). DOI: 10.2118/178320-MS
Rodriguez F., Delamaide E., Rousseau D., Bekri S. Which is the most attractive IOR method to produce the Venezuelan highly viscous oil resources in the energy transition era? A comprehensive review of research and field applications // ADIPEC (Abu Dhabi, UAE, 31 October - 3 November, 2022). DOI: 10.2118/211344-MS
Rodriguez I., Hernandez E., Velasquez R, Fernandez J., Yegres F., Martínez R., Contreras R., Korabelnikov A. Characterization of the stratigraphic Column in an extra heavy oil field to optimize production costs, from the disposal of wastewater effluents to the evaluation of shallow aquifers for water production. Cerro Negro area, Venezuela // International heavy oil conference and exhibition (Kuwait City, Kuwait, 10-12 December, 2018). DOI: 10.2118/193732-MS
Sandrea R., Essenfeld M. The future of Venezuela’s oil industry. EPRINC. - 2021. - https://eprinc.org
Santos R.G., Loh W., Bannwart A.C., Trevisa O.V. An overview of heavy oil properties and its recovery and transportation methods // Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. - 2013. - Vol. 31. - No. 03. - Р. 571-590. DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20140313s00001853
Schenk C.J., Cook T.A., Charpentier R.R., Pollastro R.M., Klett T.R., Tennyson M.E., Kirschbaum M.A., Brownfield M.E., Pitman J.K. An estimate of recoverable heavy oil resources of the Orinoco oil belt, Venezuela // USGS Fact Sheet FS-2009-30-28. - 2009. DOI: 10.3133/fs20093028
Trebolle R.L., Chalot J.P., Colmenares R. The Orinoco heavy-oil belt pilot projects and development strategy // International thermal operations symposium (Bakersfield, CA, USA, 8-10 February, 1993). DOI: 10.2118/25798-MS
Vasquez M. Cerro Negro Development: A Success Story...From Inception To Execution // SPE international thermal operations and heavy oil symposium and international horizontal well technology conference (Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 4-7 November, 2002). DOI: 10.2118/79006-MS
Villarroel T., Hernández R. Technological developments for enhancing extra heavy oil productivity in fields of the Faja Petrolifera del Orinoco (FPO), Venezuela // AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 19-22, 2013). - 2023. - 41 р.
Wenger L.M., Davis C.L., Isaksen G.H. Multiple controls on petroleum biodegradation and impact on oil quality // SPE Res Eval & Eng. - 2002. - Vol. 5. - Issue 05. - Р. 375-383. DOI: 10.2118/80168-PA
Zhou S., Huang H., Liu Yu. Biodegradation and origin of oil sands in the Western Canada sedimentary basin // Petroleum Science. - 2008. - Vol. 5. - Р. 87-94. DOI: 10.1007/s12182-008-0015-3
Каюкова Г.П., Петров С.М., Успенский Б.В. Свойства тяжелых нефтей и битумов пермских отложений Татарстана в природных и техногенных процессах. - М.: ГЕОС, 2014. - 300 с.
Тимонина Н.Н., Пьянков В.В. Ярегское месторождение тяжелой нефти: история разработки и перспективы развития // Вестник института геологии Коми научного центра Уральского отделения РАН. - 2018. - №7 (283). - C. 41-48. DOI: 10.19110/2221-1381-2018-7-41-48
Хисамов Р.С., Гуськова И.А., Габдрахманов А.Т., Саяхов В.А., Охотникова Е.С. Сравнительный анализ неоднородности состава и свойств сверхвязкой нефти Ашальчинского месторождения на основе экспериментальных исследований // Нефтяное хозяйство. - 2019. - №10. - C. 48-52. DOI: 10.24887/0028-2448-2019-10-48-52
Adams J., Jiang C., Bennett B., Huang H., Oldenburg T., Noke K., Snowdon L., Gates I., Larter S. Viscosity determination of heavy oil and bitumen: cautions and solutions // World heavy oil congress (Edmonton, 10-12 March, 2008). - 2008. - P. 1-12.
Arredondo M., Cermeño L., Quijada E. Geometric analysis of progressive cavity pump single lobe, for the production of extra-crude heavy oil at Huyaparí oil field at Orinoco oil Belt Venezuela // Artificial lift conference - Americas (Cartagena, Colombia, 21-22 May, 2013). DOI: 10.2118/165060-MS
Bennetta B., Jiang C., Larter S.R. Deterioration of oil quality during sample storage: Are stored reservoir core samples a viable resource for oil viscosity determination? // Fuel. - 2019. - Vol. 245. - 1 June 2019. - P. 115-121. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.02.002
Bost F.D., Frontera-Suau R., McDonald T.J., Peters K.E., Morris P.J. Aerobic biodegradation of hopanes and norhopanes in Venezuelan crude oils // Organic Geochemistry. - 2001. - Vol. 32. - P. 105-114. DOI: 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00147-9
Burgos E. C., Peñaranda J., Gonzalez K., Trejo E., Meneses M., Rosales A., Martinez J. Shallow horizontal drilling meets with very extended reach drilling in the Venezuelan Faja // Latin American and Caribbean petroleum engineering conference (Maracaibo, Venezuela, 21-23 May, 2014). DOI: 10.2118/169365-MS
Burkill G.C., Rondon L.A. Steam stimulation pilot project in the Orinoco Belt, Zuata area, Venezuela // Latin American Petroleum Engineering Conference (Rio de Janeiro, 14-19 October, 1990). DOI: 10.2118/21090-MS
Cocco M.J., Ernández J.E. Reservoir characterization of Junín area, Orinoco oil Belt region, Venezuela // Heavy and extra heavy oil conference - Latin America (Medellin, Colombia, 24-26 September, 2014). DOI: 10.2118/171136-MS
Cuadros G., Chamat E.H., Villarroel N., Scrofina J., Cermeño E., Rodriguez O. Improving horizontal well placement in the Orinoco oil Belt with the use of bed boundary mapping technologies // Canada heavy oil technical conference (Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 9-11 June, 2015). DOI: 10.2118/174476-MS
Escobar E., Coll R., Leon-Carrera M.F., Pérez S. Overcoming the challenge of forecasting EOR in giant extra-heavy oil fields // Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference (Abu Dhabi, UAE, 13-16 November, 2017). DOI: 10.2118/188657-MS
Gilberto C., Boza S., Romero T.H. Orinoco oil belt well construction using «wells - in - series» technology with horizontal and multilateral trajectory // International thermal operations and heavy oil symposium (Porlamar, Margarita Island, Venezuela, 12-14 March, 2001). DOI: 10.2118/69710-MS
Haeseler F., Levache D., Lamirand B. Reservoir filling paths revealed by kinetic modeling of biodegradation at basin scale // International petroleum technology conference (Doha, Qatar, 6-9 December, 2015). DOI: 10.2523/IPTC-18402-MS
Huang H.P., Bennett B., Oldenburg T., Adams J., Larter S.R. Geological controls on the origin of heavy oil and oil sands and their impacts on in situ recovery // Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology. - 2008. - Vol. 47. - Issue 04. DOI: 10.2118/08-04-37
Klavers K., Atkins L. Global heavy crude oil outlook to 2030 // Proceedings of 20th World Petroleum Congress (Doha, Qatar, 4-8 December, 2011). - 2011. - P. WPC-20-0666.
Kopper R., Kupecz J., Curtis C., Cole T., Dorn-Lopez D., Copley J., Munoz A., Calcedo V. Reservoir characterization of the Orinoco heavy oil Belt: Miocene Oficina Formation, Zuata field, Eastern Venezuela basin // International thermal operations and heavy oil symposium (Porlamar, Margarita Island, Venezuela, 12-14 March, 2001). DOI: 10.2118/69697-MS
Landaeta G.S., Valencia L.E. Extra-heavy oil viscosity estimation using PVT and geochemical analyses: applications at Huyapari field, Orinoco heavy oil belt, Venezuela // Latin America and Caribbean petroleum engineering conference (Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2017). DOI: 10.2118/185495-MS
Larter S., Adams J, Gates I.D., Bennett B., Huang H. The origin, prediction and impact of oil viscosity heterogeneity on the production characteristics of tar sand and heavy oil reservoirs. 7th Canadian international petroleum conference // Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology. - 2006. - Vol. 47. - Issue 01. DOI: 10.2118/08-01-52
Layrisse I. Heavy oil production in Venezuela: Historical recap and scenarios for next century // SPE International symposium (Houston, Texas, 16-19 February, 1999). DOI: 10.2118/53464-MS
Liu Y., Xie Y., Ma Z., Zhou Y., Wang D. Heavy oil accumulation characteristics of the Orinoco heavy oil belt // Oil and Gas Geology. - 2013. - 34(3). - P. 315-322. DOI: 10.11743/ogg20130306
López L. Study of the biodegradation levels of oils from the Orinoco oil Belt (Junin area) using different biodegradation scales // Organic Geochemistry. - 2014. - Vol. 66. - P. 60-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.10.014
Marcos J., Pardo E., Casas J., Delgado D., Rondon M., Exposito M., Zerpa L, Ichbia J., Bellorini J. Static and dynamic models of formation water in Sincor area, Orinoco belt, Venezuela // Latin American and Caribbean petroleum engineering conference (Buenos Aires, Argentina, 15-18 April, 2007). DOI: 10.2118/107378-MS
Masterson W.D., Dzou L.I., Holba A.G., Fincannon A.L., Ellis L. Evidence for biodegradation and evaporative fractionation in West Sak, Kuparuk and Prudhoe Bay field areas, North Slope, Alaska // Organic Geochemistry. - 2001. - Vol. 32. - P. 411-441. DOI: 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00187-X
Meyer R.F., Attanacsi E.D. Heavy oil and natural bitumen - strategic petroleum resources // USGS Fact Sheet FS-070-03. - 2003. DOI: 10.3133/fs07003
Mirabal M., Gordillo R., Fuenmayor M., Rojas G., Rodriguez H., Sanehez R. Integrated study for the characterization and development of the MFB-53 reservoir, North Hamaca - Orinoco belt, Venezuela // SPE Latin America - Caribbean petroleum engineering conference (Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, April, 1996). DOI: 10.2118/36095-MS
Mullins O.C., Johansen Y.B., Rinna J., Meyer J., Kenyon-Roberts S., Chen L., Forsythe J.C., Achourov V., Jackson R., Betancourt S.S., Zuo J.Y., Canas J.A. Diverse fluid gradients associated with biodegradation of crude oil // SPWLA 60th Annual Logging Symposium (June 15-19, 2019). - 2019. DOI: 10.30632/T60ALS-2019_XX
Peters K.E., Moldowan J.M., Walters C.C. The Biomarker Guide. 2nd edition. Cambridge university press. - 2005. - Vol. 2. - 1155 p. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511524868
Randy A. Downhole electrical heating techniques in the Orinoco oil belt, are they always reliable? Appraisal analysis to Petrocedeño’s pilot project // Nigeria annual international conference and exhibition (Lagos, Nigeria, 4-6 August, 2015). DOI: 10.2118/178320-MS
Rodriguez F., Delamaide E., Rousseau D., Bekri S. Which is the most attractive IOR method to produce the Venezuelan highly viscous oil resources in the energy transition era? A comprehensive review of research and field applications // ADIPEC (Abu Dhabi, UAE, 31 October - 3 November, 2022). DOI: 10.2118/211344-MS
Rodriguez I., Hernandez E., Velasquez R, Fernandez J., Yegres F., Martínez R., Contreras R., Korabelnikov A. Characterization of the stratigraphic Column in an extra heavy oil field to optimize production costs, from the disposal of wastewater effluents to the evaluation of shallow aquifers for water production. Cerro Negro area, Venezuela // International heavy oil conference and exhibition (Kuwait City, Kuwait, 10-12 December, 2018). DOI: 10.2118/193732-MS
Sandrea R., Essenfeld M. The future of Venezuela’s oil industry. EPRINC. - 2021. - https://eprinc.org
Santos R.G., Loh W., Bannwart A.C., Trevisa O.V. An overview of heavy oil properties and its recovery and transportation methods // Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. - 2013. - Vol. 31. - No. 03. - Р. 571-590. DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20140313s00001853
Schenk C.J., Cook T.A., Charpentier R.R., Pollastro R.M., Klett T.R., Tennyson M.E., Kirschbaum M.A., Brownfield M.E., Pitman J.K. An estimate of recoverable heavy oil resources of the Orinoco oil belt, Venezuela // USGS Fact Sheet FS-2009-30-28. - 2009. DOI: 10.3133/fs20093028
Trebolle R.L., Chalot J.P., Colmenares R. The Orinoco heavy-oil belt pilot projects and development strategy // International thermal operations symposium (Bakersfield, CA, USA, 8-10 February, 1993). DOI: 10.2118/25798-MS
Vasquez M. Cerro Negro Development: A Success Story...From Inception To Execution // SPE international thermal operations and heavy oil symposium and international horizontal well technology conference (Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 4-7 November, 2002). DOI: 10.2118/79006-MS
Villarroel T., Hernández R. Technological developments for enhancing extra heavy oil productivity in fields of the Faja Petrolifera del Orinoco (FPO), Venezuela // AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 19-22, 2013). - 2023. - 41 р.
Wenger L.M., Davis C.L., Isaksen G.H. Multiple controls on petroleum biodegradation and impact on oil quality // SPE Res Eval & Eng. - 2002. - Vol. 5. - Issue 05. - Р. 375-383. DOI: 10.2118/80168-PA
Zhou S., Huang H., Liu Yu. Biodegradation and origin of oil sands in the Western Canada sedimentary basin // Petroleum Science. - 2008. - Vol. 5. - Р. 87-94. DOI: 10.1007/s12182-008-0015-3